TYPHOID

What is it

Typhoid fever is a life-threatening bacterial (Salmonella typhi) infection commonly occurring in developing countries with poor sanitation and low standards of hygiene¹. Most cases are acquired while traveling internationally¹.

Who is at risk

Risk of contracting typhoid infection depends on several factors including:¹

Travel destination
Length of trip
Activities done during the trip

Risk is low for travellers going to areas with higher standards of sanitation and safe food handling practices.¹

Risk is higher for travelers going to areas with typhoid occurrence that has poor sanitations, limited access to safe water and/or if you’re visiting friends and relatives.¹ The highest risk for typhoid fever is in south Asia; other risk areas include African, Asian, the Caribbean, Central and South America.¹

What are the symptoms

Symptoms typically appear 1 to 3 weeks after being infected, and some people may not develop any symptoms¹. Symptoms include¹:

Fever
Headache
Constipation or diarrhea
Fatigue
Loss of appetite

Severe cases may present with worsening of symptoms and cause life threatening complications¹.

How is it spread

Commonly transmitted by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected person including¹:

Eating food or drinking beverages that has been handled by an infected person
Drinking water that has been contaminated with sewage
Eating shellfish taken from sewage-polluted areas
Eating raw fruits and vegetables which may have been fertilized with human waste.

How is it prevented

Practice safe food and water precautions¹
Wash hands frequently with soap under warm water for at least 20 seconds before eating, preparing food, and after using the bathroom or changing diapers¹
Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if water is not available¹
Vaccination prior to travelling to areas with typhoid occurrence¹

How is it treated

Typhoid fever can be treated with antibiotics¹. Medical advice is recommended for the onset of symptoms. for further information regarding typhoid fever and immunization, please speak with your healthcare provider.

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